@EarthbornCollective: Just so you know, even if Etsy Support or the Help Pages sent you here this is a seller peer to peer forum, and should not be considered a way to contact Etsy, if that is your hope (although Etsy moderators do sometimes read and reply to posts).
Every eMail from Etsy support should have a link something like "I Still Need Help". Click on that link in each reply from Etsy (or actually reply stating that you still need help) to keep the report alive otherwise Etsy will assume that it is resolved. You may have to do this innumerable times, before anything is done but do not give up. DO NOT open a new issue or contact Etsy multiple times about the same issue (doing so appears to close the one you already opened and puts the new one on the bottom of the pile).
USPS shipping adjustments need to be done through USPS (https://apvdisputes.usps.com/ or VerifyPostageHelp@usps.gov) because Etsy is just a vendor for Pitney Bowes, the party you actually buy the labels from.
"None of my Registration information has been changed....." The applicable laws require more frequent and in depth validations of sellers. Updating your bank account information probably triggered a required reverification.
@EarthbornCollective
Etsy didn't charge you a shipping adjustment.
USPS did and the amount of the adjustment was added to your payment account.
You should see the reason for the adjustment, box size different, weight not correct, using Ground Advantage labels on Priority branded boxes and other reasons.
More info on the HELP pages:
What are USPS Shipping Label Adjustments? – Etsy Help
USPS started APV (Automated Package Verification) around 2017.
More INFO:
Automated Package Verification or APV is a USPS program designed to verify that the correct postage has been paid on domestic parcels (international TBD). If the postage amount is underpaid, a debit will be made to cover the difference. If the postage amount is overpaid, a credit will be made accordingly. Properties considered are:
You can appeal this since USPS has pictures of your package that might prove the adjustment was in error.